Above: three beautiful limited edition paperweights produced by Caithness Glass in 1995:
three tenors edition of 100, spellcaster edition of 650, and mephistopheles edition of 650.
Rhona Burns was Marketing Executive with Caithness Glass Ltd
Caithness Glass was founded in 1961 at Wick in the far North East of Scotland, by the late Robin Sinclair, local landowner and politician. The idea was sparked off by an unemployment crisis in this area when the farming and herring fishing industries collapsed in the mid 20th century.
The Sinclair family was closely concerned with the county of Caithness and when the government started to build a nuclear reactor near Thurso in the late 1950s Robin Sinclair looked for an enterprise that would create local employment for the town of Wick. Something that would find a market with the tourists who came to this remote part of Scotland, and could be easily exported, was Art Glass. It converted raw materials which were readily available into prestigious products by means of artistry and skill. Robin decided to seek Government sponsorship to build a glass factory.
A new purpose-built factory was eventually funded by the Scottish Industrial Estates agency, and leased to Caithness Glass in 1961. Initially the Company made bowls, vases and drinking glasses in the popular Scandinavian style of the time. They soon became well known for their distinctive coloured glass designs, which echoed the haunting colors of the Scottish landscape.
In 1962 Paul Ysart left Moncrieff Glassworks and joined Caithness Glass as their training officer. Paul Ysart was an internationally recognised designer of paperweights and as training officer he had permission to make his paperweights at the weekends. He trained two apprentices, Peter Holmes and Willie Manson, to work with him at these paperweight-making sessions. Both of them went on to become famous paperweight artists in their own right. Peter Holmes started as a young apprentice in 1963, and stayed until 1977 when he left to found Selkirk Glass, which still flourishes today.
Willie Manson joined Caithness in the late 1960's and when Paul Ysart left Caithness in 1971, he took Willie Manson with him to work at Paul's new venture, Harland Glass. When the Harland glassworks failed in 1974 Willie Manson returned to Caithness Glass and worked there making and designing paperweights from 1975 to 1997 (with a two year break in 1979). He left in 1997 to found William Manson Paperweights, which also flourishes today.
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| Paul Ysart paperweight 1960s made at Caithness. Photograph courtesy of Kevin Holt | Willie Manson limited edition paperweight Royal Flourish made at Caithness in 1989 | Paul Ysart butterfly paperweight, 1970. One of the last made at Caithness by Paul |
Although Paul Ysart's paperweights were made at Caithness, and a few of them were sold through the Caithness Glass shop, they were not produced by the factory as production designs. They were individual items produced by Paul himself. Even his apprentices were not encouraged to make their own paperweights.
In 1968 another newcomer to Caithness was Colin Terris. Colin, a graduate of Edinburgh College of Art, had spent a year in Norway furthering his copperwheel engraving skills, and for eight years had taught art whilst at the same time working as a freelance engraver. He joined Caithness as head of their new Design and Engraving Studio and two years later, in 1970, he was made Design Director of the company.
Colin was inspired by the paperweights he saw Paul Ysart making, recognising the very considerable potential for Caithness to start producing paperweights in the factory.
Colin Terris worked with Peter Holmes experimenting with abstract designs which could be reproduced in large numbers in the factory. The abstract paperweights which Colin designed for Caithness, in a tradition which continues today, were not random placings of bubbles and colored inserts like many abstract paperweights produced elsewhere. Each piece was designed to be a production run, sometimes as many as 650 of one design, and sometimes many thousands (the unlimited editions). Crimps and special tools were designed and detailed drawings and instructions prepared for each design.
In 1969 Colin Terris launched his first set of modern paperweights - The Planets, a set of four abstracts paperweights representing Mars, Mercury, Saturn and Venus and each produced in a limited edition of 500. These quickly sold and Colin Terris built on this success by launching six new paperweights in 1970. There was a second Planets set (Uranus, Jupiter, Neptune, and Earth) and one called "Orbit" and all five were again limited editions of 500. The first unlimited edition, Moonflower, was produced that year, and continued to be produced for over thirty years. Moonflower was the most successful paperweight ever made by Caithness and probably the most successful in the world in terms of numbers sold.
 Mercury 1969 by Colin Terris - one of the first paperweights produced by the Caithness factory. It was part of a set of four called The Planets, a limited edition of 500. |
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 Moonflower 1969 unlimited edition by Colin Terris - one of the most successful paperweights in the world. It was produced in numerous single colors over more than 30 years and is still popular today. |
With all the important events going on in relation to paperweights, it is easy to forget that Caithness originally made its name as a successful producer of vases, bottles, and bowls. In 1968 the company was awarded the Queen Mother's Royal Warrant (meaning they were the recognised supplier of glass to the Queen Mother) and the company continues today to make a beautiful range of glassware, which now includes paperweights and small clocks set in glass spheres.
 Right: Marble range of glassware from the 2001 portfolio |
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Until 1969 Caithness had only one factory, the one at Wick; but in 1969 a new factory was opened at Oban, many miles away on the West coast of Scotland. This factory focussed primarily on art glass, but they did help out with paperweight production from the early 1970s to the 1990s.
When the Caithness factory started making paperweights in 1969, Paul Ysart and Peter Holmes were already producing very successful jewellery items with small millefiori decorations. Around 1970 Paul decided to leave. He took Willie Manson with him and set up the Harland Glassworks with the help of former Managing Director of Caithness Glass, Graham Brown. This left only two paperweight makers at Caithness, Colin Terris and Peter Holmes. Peter was put in charge of the department making millefiori jewellery, where he stayed until 1977.
 Colin Terris examines a paperweight. |
 Celtic Cross from the Caithness accessories series. |
In 1971, the third year of paperweight production at the Caithness factory, Colin Terris designed another five limited edition paperweights, and by 1972 they were beginning to seriously increase production. Colin designed six more limited editions that year and two unlimited editions, Peter Holmes contributed two limited edition designs and a paperweight bottle design, and they also introduced two unlimited paperweights based on Paul Ysart designs (Harlequin Single and Harlequin Double). All of these early designs were abstract - there were no millefiori nor lampwork inserts apart from the PH cane which Peter Holmes sometimes included in his designs.
Over the next three years the flow of new designs continued, but still only the same two names - Colin Terris and Peter Holmes (apart from one, Flower in the Rain, by Jack Allan in 1974). 1974 was the year of the first millefiori and lampwork paperweights from Caithness Glass, with three such designs by Colin Terris, Crown Paperweight, Butterfly, and Bullseye Millefiori. The first two of these were Limited Editions of 100, but Bullseye Millefiori was an unlimited edition, and was probably the first paperweight to contain the CG cane (for Caithness Glass).
The situation changed in 1976. Colin and Peter were as busy as ever, with fifteen new designs between them. But a whole new team of designers/engravers started copperwheel engraving paperweights for Caithness in that year. There was David Gulland, Denis Mann, and Christine Beaton. Several Caithness paperweights in that year incorporated facet cutting (which had only been used once before, on a cased paperweight in 1972 called Cased Coral) and detailed engraving was introduced on the outside of the paperweights. William Manson was also back on board, with his first two production designs for Caithness, Millefiori Reflections and Latticino, both of them millefori designs containing the CG cane.
Since that time, Caithness has made a speciality of combining an internal theme, either lampwork or abstract, together with deeply engraved designs on the outside integrated with the theme. Sometimes the outside is also acid etched, as in Regal Iris (shown below) by Helen MacDonald who designed her first paperweight for Caithness in 1978. Sometimes the engraved design is on the back of the paperweight, so that it shows through the cut facet as part of the design, as in Secret Garden below. And sometimes the engraved design surrounds the paperweight, like Hidden in Time below.
 Regal Iris 1998 by Helen MacDonald Limited Edition of 100. |
 Secret Garden 1998 by Colin Terris, Limited Edition of 100. |
 Hidden in Time 1998 by Helen MacDonald, Limited Edition of 100. |
In 1979 Caithness Glass expanded into another new factory, this time in Perth, Central Scotland. Perth became their Headquarters, combining a major visitor center, viewing gallery, museum of Caithness paperweights, and the glass factory. The main production center for Caithness paperweights moved to Perth, with Wick and Oban concentrating on art glass. However a small number of paperweights continued to be made at Wick and at Oban.
An interesting feature of this three-location production process was that the three factories tended to use different glass, and this can be detected using an ultra-violet lamp, because they fluoresce differently. When the Oban factory made paperweights, which they did between the early 1970s and early 1990s, they used only soda glass without any lead content. The Perth factory used glass which did contain lead until 1990, when they stopped including lead oxide because it was believed to be environmentally unfriendly, and because it reacted with some of the colors. Lead oxide tended to give the reds and yellows a grey or even a black tinge, and a purer color can be obtained with soda glass which contains no lead. The lead oxide was replaced with barium oxide.
However the Wick factory went on using glass containing lead oxide until 1999. The same paperweight design could be made with or without the lead oxide content, depending which of the three factories made it.
A major development occured in the early 1980s, when Caithness bought the Whitefriars Glass paperweights business, together with their molds, tools, canes, documents, and all rights in the name Whitefriars, its logos and trademarks. This followed the sad closure of the historical Whitefriars Glassworks of James Powell and Sons in London in 1980.
Since 1983 Caithness have produced an annual series of limited edition Whitefriars paperweights, preserving the millefiori tradition and introducing lampwork to some of the designs. These paperweights are always LIMITED EDITIONS and contain the hooded monk trademark logo.
 Valentino and Floral Diamond - two Caithness Whitefriars paperweights from 1998 each limited to 50. |
 Daisy Duet one of the Caithness Whitefriars paperweights for 2001 limited to 50. |
Like all Caithness Limited Editions the Whitefriars paperweights are marked on the base CAITHNESS SCOTLAND together with the name of the paperweight and the edition number and size. If the base is too small to take the Caithness stamp, or if the clear nature of the base would make a stamp undesirable aesthetically, the information may be incised by hand using an engraving tool.
 Whitefriars Hooded Monk Logo cane |  Anemone 1990 Caithness Whitefriars Limited Edition of 250, facetted millefiori. |
 Caithness stamp as used on Caithness paperweights. Name of the paperweight goes where XX's are. |
In 1983 a system of numbering was introduced for the unlimited production paperweights, consisting of a letter to denote the year starting with A in 1983, followed by the number of unlimited paperweights produced so far that year. For example, a Tidal Wave paperweight numbered F/156 would have been the 156th unlimited edition paperweight to be made in the year 1988, but not the 156th Tidal Wave paperweight. The year 2001 paperweights have the letter Y, as several letters were missed out because they might be confusing.
The name of the paperweight is always on the base, whether it is a limited or unlimited edition. And for Limited Editions there is the edition number, for example 75/100, which means the 75th paperweight of a limited edition of 100.
One more thing to note about the marks on the bottom of Caithness Glass paperweights. The company did sell "second" quality paperweights through its Visitor Centre showrooms. These were always marked on the base CIIG or just II.
Colin Terris (1937 - 2007) was the leading figure in paperweight design at Caithness from the time he launched the first Caithness limited edition paperweights in 1969 until his sad death in 2007. He designed new paperweights every year even after he retired in 2002, and over the years his designs became more and more exquisite. Colin was awarded the MBE in 1991 in recognition of his contribution to British Glass. Here are some more of his superb paperweights.
 Winter 2000, unlimited offered in 4 colors for the 4 seasons. |  Enchantment 1996, a magnum Limited Edition of 75. |
 Flight of Fancy 1988 Limited Edition of 650 |
 Waterlily Reflections 2000 Limited Edition of 150 |
 Pagan Ritual 1998 Limited Edition of 150 |
 Eternal Passion 1998 Limited Edition of 500 |
 The Iris 2001 Limited Edition of 100 |  Last Tango 2001 Limited Edition of 100 |
 Sea Crystal 1993 Limited Edition of 75 |
 Over the Hills magnum 1999 Limited Edition of 250 |
 Helium 1990 Limited Edition 750 (closed at 429) |
Caithness Glass went into receivership in 2004 and the company was bought first by Edinburgh Crystal and later by Dartington Glass. The Visitor Centre and glassworks in Perth were closed and a smaller operation was set up in the Crieff Visitor Centre in 2008.
If you are looking for Caithness glass, you can usually find items on offer on ebay.
Click here to see Caithness glass currently for sale on ebay.
1: Caithness Paperweights (2nd Edition) : The Charlton Standard Catalogue, by Colin Terris, 2004
2: Scottish Paperweights, by Robert G. Hall, 1999
3: Ysart Glass, by B. Blench, I. Turner, A. J. Clarke, F. Andrews, 1990
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